This is the Lesson from 27 September 2018. This history covers about the Greek, Roman, and English history.

Lesson

Lesson of Thursday, September 27, 2018

Fourth Week, Day Eighteen

English

Sentences

Sentences are built like this:

		Sentence
	Subject		Predicate
Noun	Adjectives		Verb	Adverbs

Nouns and Verbs

Nouns and Adjectives

Nouns are things. Here is a list of some nouns. Adjectives explain nouns more succinctly. Some adjectives are listed next to the nouns.

Verbs and Adverbs

Verbs are action words. They are things you do. Here is a list of some verbs. Some adverbs are listed to the right of the verbs. Adverbs are words that are added to verbs to explain them better.

Handwriting

Practice handwriting so you can get faster.

Math

Additions, Multiplications and Subtractions

Solve the following problems:

Addition (Plus)

Addition
+	2	4	2	6	7	1	42	14	67
	5	6	6	3	1	9	45	16	14
	7	10	8	9	8	10	87	30	81
	88	21	32	65	71	23	43	22	67
	23	8	68	45	29	17	27	88	34
	111	29	100	110	100	40	70	110	101
	13
	88
	101

Remember to carry a one on top.

Multiplication (Times)

Multiplication
×	5
	2
	10

Subtraction (Minus)

Subtraction
–	8	6	5	9	5	4	6	87
	-7	-4	-4	-5	-3	-2	-5	-5
	1	2	1	4	2	2	1	82

Please do not use the computer, phone, or add wrong numbers during this lesson.

Fractions

A fraction is one number over the other like this:

Numerators and Denominators

Number	Numerator and Denominator	Result
1	is the numerator	Smaller
2	is the denominator
3	is the numerator	Smaller
4	is the denominator

Common Dominators

Fraction Number	Result
½ + 1/2	2/2	Equal
¼ + ¼ + 1/4	3/4	Smaller
½ + 1/4	6/8	Smaller

Only if you change ½ to the equivalent expression 2/4 thus: 2/4 + ¼ = ¾

Box

If you have a box, then you cut it in half. You have two boxes each ½ of the original box. ½ is a fraction. You can add fractions if the denominator (The bottom number of the fraction) is the same. So, we add:

• ½ + ½ = 2/2 = 1 full box.

We add the numerator 1+ 1 and keep the denominator (The bottom number of the fraction) the same. So, the top number in a fraction is called the numerator. The bottom number of a fraction is called the denominator. We cannot add a number like ½ + 1/5 because the denominator (the bottom number) of the fraction is not the same.

If you cut the original box in three equal pieces, you have three boxes each 1/3 of the original box. 1/3 is a fraction. 1 is the numerator and 3 is the denominator. We can add the numbers. 1/3 + 1/3 because the denominator (3) is the same. So, we add 1/3+1/3 = 2/3, or 1/3 +1/3+1/3 = 3/3 =1. If the denominator is equal to the numerator the number = 1.
If you cut the original box in four equal pieces, you have four boxes each 1/4 of the original box. 1/4 is a fraction. You can add ¼ + ¼ = 2/4 because the denominator is the same.

You can add ¼ + ¼ + ¼ = ¾ because the denominator (4) is the same.

• ¼ + ¼ + ¼  + ¼ = 4/4 = 1.

4/4 = 1 because the numerator (4) and the denominator (4) are the same. You cannot add 1/4+1/3 because the denominators are different.

If you cut the original box in five equal pieces, you have five boxes each 1/5 of the original box. 1/5 is a fraction. You can add 1/5 + 1/5 = 2/5 because the denominator (5) is the same.

• 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5 = 3/5.
• 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5 = 4/5.
• 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5 = 5/5 = 1

5/5 = 1 because the numerator (5) and the denominator (5) are the same. You cannot add 1/5 + 1/3 because the denominators are different. Remember:

• The top number of a fraction is called the numerator.
• The bottom number of a fraction is called the denominator.

Reading Comprehension

Read the following story.

The Heron

It was when he was a boy, padding alone through the wind-whipped straw grass by the shore, that he saw the heron snared in wire. The heron would beat its wings, rest, beat its wings; but make no progress to freeing its legs and body.

His sneakers sucked mud as he entered the shallow break water. The heron grew frantic, blurred wings and slashing beak; then, as the boy’s shadow draped the bird, it stopped moving. Resigned, perhaps, or hoping it was unseen.

The boy gave the bird’s back a pat. Glossy slick feathers; the heron flinched at his touch. The boy flinched back, afraid of the razor beak, the trapped claws. He could see how the wire was wound around the bird, could figure out the puzzle if the bird stayed still.

A few more pats, and the boy settled. He stroked the bird’s neck and back. He crouched in the mud to free the heron and soon freed the bird while the bird squealed with fear. When he was finally free the bird flew off quickly.

THE END

Social Studies

History

Greek, Roman and English History

American democracy has its foundations in ancient Greece, where democracy or rule by the people was developed 2500 years ago. The majority elected leaders and those eligible voted on the policies of the government. Laws could be proposed by anyone and trials were held in public. The idea of direct rule through popular election was then later adopted by ancient Rome, which set up a representative democracy in which eligible citizens were allowed to elect officials to act on their behalf. A senate devised laws and magistrates passed sentences at trial.

Although these early attempts at democracy failed, they became a model for future experiments in majority rule. One such place where democratic ideas took root was medieval England.

After the victory of William of Normandy at the battle of Hastings in 1066, the French speaking Normans gradually merged with the native Angeles and Saxons of England. William established himself as a monarch and expanded the system of taxation and royal courts begun by the Anglo-Saxon kings. The power of the king expanded further under the reign of Williams heirs, who could, without justification, banish, execute, or imprison their subjects.

The Magna Carta

Resentful of the growing power of the king, the English nobility rebelled under the reign of King John. At Runnymede in 1215, a group of English nobles forced John to accept and sign a document of rights called the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. Its ideas had a great influence on the development of constitutional government. One of the most important principles established by the Magna Carta was due process of law. The Magna Carta said that no freeman shall be seized or imprisoned except by lawful judgement of his equals or by law of the land. The Magna Carta made it clear that everyone, including the monarch, must follow the law.

The Magna Carta also defined the English nobles’ individual rights that the monarch could not take away. The document also guaranteed people accused of crimes to a trial by their peers.

Later, in the 1200s, Parliament was established to give voice to the people in dealing with the state. In 1628, a conflict between the King Charles I and Parliament led to another document called The Petition of Right. The Petition of Right further limited the king’s power by requiring the king to get permission.

Credits

• This lesson was originally made with LibreOffice Writer by John M. Harpster.
• Formatted with Notepad++ for space removal.
• Made and published to PDF with LibreOffice Writer and Microsoft Word by John T. Harpster.

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